Coursera: Machine Learning (Week 8) Quiz - Unsupervised Learning | Andrew NG

▸ Unsupervised Learning :



  1. For which of the following tasks might K-means clustering be a suitable algorithm
    Select all that apply.

    • Given a set of news articles from many different news websites, find out what are the main topics covered.
      K-means can cluster the articles and then we can inspect them or use other methods to infer what topic each cluster represents

    • Given historical weather records, predict if tomorrow’s weather will be sunny or rainy.

    • From the user usage patterns on a website, figure out what different groups of users exist.
      We can cluster the users with K-means to find different, distinct groups.

    • Given many emails, you want to determine if they are Spam or Non-Spam emails.

    • Given a database of information about your users, automatically group them into different market segments.
      You can use K-means to cluster the database entries, and each cluster will correspond to a different market segment.

    • Given sales data from a large number of products in a supermarket, figure out which products tend to form coherent groups (say are frequently purchased together) and thus should be put on the same shelf.
      If you cluster the sales data with K-means, each cluster should correspond to coherent groups of items.

    • Given sales data from a large number of products in a supermarket, estimate future sales for each of these products.








  1. Suppose we have three cluster centroids , and .
    Furthermore, we have a training example . After a cluster assignment
    step, what will be?

    • = 1
      is closest to , So = 1.
      (Calculate Euclidean distance for each centroid and choose the smallest one)

    • is not assigned

    • = 2

    • = 3








  1. K-means is an iterative algorithm, and two of the following steps are repeatedly carried out in its inner-loop. Which two?

    • Move the cluster centroids, where the centroids are updated.
      The cluster update is the second step of the K-means loop.

    • The cluster assignment step, where the parameters are updated.
      This is the correst first step of the K-means loop.

    • Using the elbow method to choose K.

    • Feature scaling, to ensure each feature is on a comparable scale to the others.

    • The cluster centroid assignment step, where each cluster centroid is assigned (by setting ) to the closest training example .

    • Move each cluster centroid , by setting it to be equal to the closest training example .

    • Test on the cross-validation set.

    • Randomly initialize the cluster centroids.








  1. Suppose you have an unlabeled dataset . You run K-means with 50 different random initializations, and obtain 50 different clusterings of the data.

    What is the recommended way for choosing which one of these 50 clusterings to use?

    • Use the elbow method.

    • Plot the data and the cluster centroids, and pick the clustering that gives the most “coherent” cluster centroids.

    • Manually examine the clusterings, and pick the best one.

    • Compute the distortion function , and pick the one that minimizes this.
      A lower value for the distortion function implies a better clustering, so you should choose the clustering with the smallest value for the distortion function.

    • The only way to do so is if we also have labels for our data.

    • Always pick the final (50th) clustering found, since by that time it is more likely to have converged to a good solution.

    • The answer is ambiguous, and there is no good way of choosing.

    • For each of the clusterings, compute , and pick the one that minimizes this.
      This function is the distortion function. Since a lower value for the distortion function implies a better clustering, you should choose the clustering with the smallest value for the distortion function.



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  1. Which of the following statements are true? Select all that apply.

    • On every iteration of K-means, the cost function (the distortion function) should either stay the same or decrease; in particular, it should not increase.
      Both the cluster assignment and cluster update steps decrese the cost / distortion function, so it should never increase after an iteration of K-means.

    • A good way to initialize K-means is to select K (distinct) examples from the training set and set the cluster centroids equal to these selected examples.
      This is the recommended method of initialization.

    • K-Means will always give the same results regardless of the initialization of the centroids.

    • Once an example has been assigned to a particular centroid, it will never be reassigned to another different centroid

    • For some datasets, the “right” or “correct” value of K (the number of clusters) can be ambiguous, and hard even for a human expert looking carefully at the data to decide.
      In many datasets, different choices of K will give different clusterings which appear quite reasonable. With no labels on the data, we cannot say one is better than the other.

    • The standard way of initializing K-means is setting to be equal to a vector of zeros.

    • If we are worried about K-means getting stuck in bad local optima, one way to ameliorate (reduce) this problem is if we try using multiple random initializations.
      Since each run of K-means is independent, multiple runs can find different optima, and some should avoid bad local optima.

    • Since K-Means is an unsupervised learning algorithm, it cannot overfit the data, and thus it is always better to have as large a number of clusters as is computationally feasible.



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3 Comments

  1. 2nd is wrong .Answere should be option 3rd = c^{(i)} = 2

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Hi,
      No, Answer given in my post is correct.

      Explanation:
      if you calculate the Euclidean distance between x and 3 centroids you get 4, 20 & 25 respectively.
      4 being the smallest, input x is closer to centroid 1. So, the correct answer is option 1: c^{(i)} = 1.

      Delete
  2. if you calculate the Euclidean distance between x and 3 centroids you get 4, 8 & 25 respectively, not 4, 20 and 25! The rest is true, thanks for your efforts!

    ReplyDelete
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